We recently reported the produce of ultrastable Au nanoparticles on titania achieved by an encapsulated strategy under oxidative atmosphere induced by melamine. This work was recently published on Nat. Conmun. and highlighted on Nature Research Chemistry Community.
Supported gold catalysts play an important role in many catalytic reactions, such as CO oxidation, water-gas shift (WGS) reaction and oxidative reforming of methane. However, Au nanoparticles (NPs) are tending to sinter at high temperature because of its low Tammann temperature, resulting in poor on-stream stability.
Strong metal-support interaction (SMSI), an important concept in heterogeneous catalysis, has been studied extensively since it was termed by Tauster et al. in the late 1970s. The classical SMSI was widely found for platinum group metals supported on reducible oxides, such as TiO2 and CeO2, upon high-temperature reduction pretreatment. However, unlike platinum group metals, it has been well-recognized for a long time that Au cannot manifest SMSI due to its low work function and low surface energy.
In 2017, we demonstrated the existence of classical SMSI between Au and TiO2 for the first time and the encapsulation of Au by TiOx overlayer was also observed (Sci Adv., 2017, 3, e1700231). Whereas SMSI state is reversible that the formed TiOx overlayer will retreat under further oxidation pretreatment at high temperature (>400oC), leading to invalid effect on the catalytic performance of the gold. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new strategy to construct an overlayer containing Ti species on Au, which is endurable under oxidative atmosphere.
SMSI and melamine-induced TiOx overlayer structure and behavior. (a) Bare Au nanoparticles on TiO2. (b) Au/TiO2 catalyst that forms an impermeable SMSI TiOx overlayer after treatment with 10 vol% H2/He at 500oC. (c) SMSI TiOx overlayer retreats when exposed to oxidation condition at 400oC which is almost similar with that in (a). (d) Melamine-modified catalyst that forms a permeable TiOx overlayer after treatment with N2 at high temperature (600oC) followed by treatment with air at 800oC. (e) Stable melamine-induced TiOx overlayer under air condition modifies the Au NPs catalytic behavior. (Image by LIU Shaofeng)
Here, we reported that Au NPs can be encapsulated by a permeable TiOx overlayer under oxidative atmosphere, the reverse of the condition required for classical SMSI. We found that the key to construct the above cover layer is the application of melamine and pretreatment in nitrogen condition, followed by calcination at 800oC in air atmosphere. More importantly, this TiOx overlayer is stable upon further calcination under oxidation condition, which is contrary to the classical SMSI.
In order to confirm the valance of the Ti species, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) was examined and it was found that the Ti species existed as Ti3+ oxidation state, in consistent with the classical SMSI. And X-ray adsorption spectroscopy was also employed to investigate whether new bond was formed and the fitting results revealed that new Au-Ti bond was formed when the encapsulation occurred.
Owing to the formation of the overlayer, the resultant catalyst is resistant to sintering and exhibits high activity as well excellent durability in Water Gas Shift (WGS) reaction and simulated practical testing. Moreover, this original strategy can be extended to colloidal Au supported on TiO2 and commercial gold catalyst named RR2Ti. We believe these new findings provide a new avenue to rationally devise and develop highly stable Au catalysts with controllable activity.
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences. It was dedicated to the 70th anniversary of DICP, CAS. (Text by LIU Shaofeng)
